Markup Languages
نویسندگان
چکیده
XML’s significance extends beyond the purpose it was originally intended to serve (document processing over the Web). As a standard and widely supported format for arbitrary data, XML delivers to any heterogeneous, distributed computer system the common lingo for data exchange — something only closed or relatively closed systems could previously assume and enforce. In addition, XML data contains a description of its intended meaning, either in the form of element names or, optionally, as an embedded or referenced type description (for example, a DTD). Self-description allows programs to interpret the data dynamically — with no reliance on shared assumptions or agreements (such as header files or interface definition languages), and thus makes them more resilient to changes in the data.1 In its untyped form, though, XML is an ideal carrier for semistructured data, where the structure is too irregular or instable to be effectively handled in statically typed programming languages or database management systems.2 This broad view of XML explains the proliferation of related technologies, especially programming models. To date, computations over XML data can be specified in a variety of paradigms and languages. Most approaches, however, have so far focused on novel and dedicated solutions: from flexible query languages, which resort to regular expressions that match data with irregular or partially known structure (for example, XML-QL, XQL, and LOREL) to Turingcomplete or strongly typed functional languages, which exploit structural regularity to ensure correctness of arbitrary computations (for example, XQuery, XSLT, and Xduce). In contrast, the computational facilities of mainstream, statically typed languages have only been partially reused in this novel context (such as the completeness and simplicity of the procedural and object-oriented programming models, the reliability and efficiency of computations, and equally important, the
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